The Global Preclinical CRO Market Size accounted for USD 5.2 Billion in 2022 and is estimated to achieve a market size of USD 10.7 Billion by 2032 growing at a CAGR of 7.6% from 2023 to 2032.
Preclinical CRO Market Highlights
- The global preclinical CRO market is set to achieve revenue of USD 10.7 billion by 2032
- The preclinical CRO market is experiencing a CAGR of 7.6% from 2023 to 2032
- In 2022, North America dominated the preclinical CRO market with USD 2.5 billion revenue
- The Asia-Pacific market is likely to witness CAGR of over 8% from 2023 to 2032
- Among service, the toxicology testing sub-segment generated revenue exceeding USD 1.4 billion in 2022
- In terms of model type, the patient derived organoid (PDO) model sub-segment accounted for approximately 80% of the market share in 2022
- Growth in orphan drug development is a notable preclinical CRO market trend
A substantial increase in activities related to drug discovery and the growing government expenditure on the healthcare sector are major factors expected to drive the growth of the global market. Developed and developing countries, such as the United States, China, Japan, India, and others, are investing significantly in the development of their healthcare sectors, with a heightened focus on the development of novel drugs, primarily due to the increasing number of patients suffering from chronic diseases. PhRMA member companies have invested nearly US$ 1 trillion in R&D since 2000, establishing the biopharmaceutical sector as the most R&D-intensive industry in the U.S. economy. The U.S. biopharmaceutical industry has been the world leader in the development of new medicines, and PhRMA member companies continue to be at the forefront.
The entire biopharmaceutical industry invested an estimated US$ 102 billion in research and development (R&D) in 2018. Approximately 7,000 rare diseases exist today, yet only 5% have an available treatment. Nearly 260 vaccines are in the biopharmaceutical pipeline to treat and prevent diseases, including dozens for COVID-19. The increasing collaborative approach among the public and government for the development of novel products is expected to have a significant impact on the growth of the preclinical CRO market.
Global Preclinical CRO Market Dynamics
Market Drivers
- Increasing outsourcing of drug development activities
- Growing emphasis on cost efficiency and time savings
- Rising R&D investments in pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors
- Expansion of biologics and biosimilars
Market Restraints
- Regulatory challenges and compliance issues
- Quality control and data reliability concerns
- Intellectual property and confidentiality risks
Market Opportunities
- Advancements in technology, such as AI and automation
- Expansion of personalized medicine and precision therapeutics
- Emerging markets in Asia and Latin America
- Collaborative partnerships and strategic alliances in the industry
Preclinical CRO Market Report Coverage
Market |
Preclinical CRO Market
|
Preclinical CRO Market Size 2022 |
USD 5.2 Billion |
Preclinical CRO Market Forecast 2032 |
USD 10.7 Billion |
Preclinical CRO Market CAGR During 2023 - 2032 |
7.6% |
Preclinical CRO Market Analysis Period |
2020 - 2032 |
Base Year
|
2022 |
Forecast Data |
2023 - 2032 |
Segments Covered |
By Service, By Model Type, By End-Use, And By Geography
|
Regional Scope |
North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa |
Key Companies Profiled |
Crown Bioscience, Charles River Laboratories International, Inc., Eurofins Scientific SE, Intertek Group plc (IGP), LabCorp, Medpace Holdings, Inc., PPD (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), PRA Health Sciences, Inc. (ICON plc), SGA SA, and WuXi AppTec, Inc. (WAI).
|
Report Coverage
|
Market Trends, Drivers, Restraints, Competitive Analysis, Player Profiling, Covid-19 Analysis, Regulation Analysis |
Preclinical CRO Market Insights
The preclinical contract research organization (CRO) market is distinguished by a dynamic environment influenced by a number of critical variables. To begin, the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors are progressively outsourcing preclinical research and drug development operations to contract research organizations (CROs). The desire for cost-efficiency and time savings is driving this outsourcing trend. Companies are turning to CROs to utilize their specialized knowledge and infrastructure, expediting the drug development schedule, as drug research and development procedures become more complicated and costly. Furthermore, the rise of biologics and biosimilars has increased the demand for preclinical CRO services, as these novel drugs need specialized preclinical testing and knowledge.
Second, regulatory problems and quality control issues are stifling the preclinical CRO industry. To maintain data dependability and compliance with worldwide regulatory authorities, CROs must negotiate a complicated regulatory landscape while following tight rules. Concerns about intellectual property and secrecy might also stymie the industry's expansion, as sensitive information handled during preclinical research must be protected. Furthermore, the availability of trained staff, as well as economic uncertainty affecting funding, presents further hurdles. However, the industry is replete with potential, such as technological breakthroughs such as artificial intelligence and automation, which may improve efficiency and data accuracy. Collaborations and strategic alliances among CROs, pharmaceutical firms, and research institutes are also propelling innovation in the industry, while expanding markets in Asia and Latin America provide new development opportunities. Overall, the preclinical CRO market is expected to continue evolving, owing to a complex interplay of drivers, barriers, and opportunities in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.
Drug Safety, Metabolism, Bioanalytical, Residue and Environmental Fate studies
Factors such as stringent government regulations related to preclinical research and the high costs associated with R&D are expected to hinder the growth of the global preclinical CRO market. Furthermore, the lack of developed infrastructure in developing countries, which limits R&D activities, is anticipated to pose a challenge to the market's growth. However, the substantial government investments in R&D activities and the focus of major players on increasing preclinical trials present new opportunities for companies operating in the global preclinical CRO market. Additionally, the trend toward strategic partnerships between regional and public players is expected to provide revenue support for the market's growth.
Preclinical CRO Market Segmentation
The worldwide market for preclinical CRO is segmented into service, model type, end-use, and geography.
Preclinical CRO Services
- Bioanalysis and DMPK studies
- Toxicology Testing
- Compound Management
- Custom Synthesis
- Process R&D
- Others
- Chemistry
- Computation Chemistry
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Safety Pharmacology
- Others
According to the preclinical CROs industry analysis, toxiology testing is the largest service segment due to its critical role in ensuring the safety and efficacy of new pharmaceutical compounds. To analyze the possible risks and side effects of prospective medications, extensive toxicological studies are necessary during the drug development process, allowing pharmaceutical firms to make educated judgments about moving compounds down the pipeline. As regulatory bodies throughout the world impose more strict safety criteria, there is a rising demand for thorough toxicological research to fulfill these demands. Furthermore, the rising complexity of medication candidates, particularly biologics and biosimilars, has increased the need for comprehensive toxicological studies, making toxicology testing services vital for drug development. As a result, toxicology testing has emerged as a critical pillar of preclinical research, holding a sizable market share.
Preclinical CRO Model Types
- Patient Derived Organoid (PDO) Model
- Patient Derived Xenograft Model
The patient-derived organoid (PDO) model has proven itself as a leading type in preclinical research owing to its unique ability to closely resemble the intricate microenvironments and cellular characteristics of human organs, providing a highly relevant and personalized platform for drug testing and disease research. PDO models are created directly from patients' tissues, allowing the development of in vitro systems that maintain the genetic and histological characteristics of the patient's own tumor or organ of interest. Because of their great realism, PDO models are essential for studying individual patient reactions to different therapies and establishing precision medicine techniques. Furthermore, PDO models are becoming more popular since they are very easy to culture and provide a flexible tool for researching a wide range of illnesses, including cancer, propelling their significance in preclinical research.
Preclinical CRO End-Uses
- Biopharmaceutical Companies
- Government and Academic Institutes
- Medical Device Companies
According to the preclinical CRO market forecast, biopharmaceutical firms have emerged as the main participants in the preclinical contract research organization (CRO) market due to a number of important variables To begin with, these businesses are at the cutting edge of medication discovery, with a solid pipeline of new chemicals and biologics. To hasten the drug development process, they typically require the specialised knowledge and facilities provided by preclinical CROs. Furthermore, the biopharmaceutical industry's severe regulatory requirements entail extensive preclinical testing, driving demand for CRO services even higher. As the biopharmaceutical sector expands, with a greater emphasis on precision medicine and the development of novel medicines, biopharmaceutical firms rely significantly on CROs for their preclinical research needs, cementing their market dominance.
Preclinical CRO Market Regional Outlook
North America
Europe
- U.K.
- Germany
- France
- Spain
- Rest of Europe
Asia-Pacific
- India
- Japan
- China
- Australia
- South Korea
- Rest of Asia-Pacific
Latin America
- Brazil
- Mexico
- Rest of Latin America
The Middle East & Africa
- South Africa
- GCC Countries
- Rest of the Middle East & Africa (ME&A)
Preclinical CRO Market Regional Analysis
The North American market is expected to account for a major share of revenue in the global preclinical CRO market, primarily due to high government spending. Additionally, the increasing number of clinical trials conducted in the country to develop novel solutions is anticipated to support market growth. It's worth noting that only 12% of new molecular entities that enter clinical trials eventually receive approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Conversely, the market in the Asia-Pacific region is expected to experience faster growth in the target market, largely owing to the flourishing healthcare sector. Furthermore, the presence of a large number of players operating in countries such as China and India, along with the introduction of new drugs, is expected to contribute to the regional market's growth.
Preclinical CRO Market Players
Some of the top preclinical CRO companies offered in our report include Crown Bioscience, Charles River Laboratories International, Inc., Eurofins Scientific SE, Intertek Group plc (IGP), LabCorp, Medpace Holdings, Inc., PPD (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), PRA Health Sciences, Inc. (ICON plc), SGA SA, and WuXi AppTec, Inc. (WAI).
CHAPTER 1. Industry Overview of Preclinical CRO Market
1.1. Definition and Scope
1.1.1. Definition of Preclinical CRO
1.1.2. Market Segmentation
1.1.3. Years Considered for the Study
1.1.4. Assumptions and Acronyms Used
1.1.4.1. Market Assumptions and Market Forecast
1.1.4.2. Acronyms Used in Global Preclinical CRO Market
1.2. Summary
1.2.1. Executive Summary
1.2.2. Preclinical CRO Market By Service
1.2.3. Preclinical CRO Market By Model Type
1.2.4. Preclinical CRO Market By End-Use
1.2.5. Preclinical CRO Market By Region
CHAPTER 2. Research Approach
2.1. Methodology
2.1.1. Research Programs
2.1.2. Market Size Estimation
2.1.3. Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
2.2. Data Source
2.2.1. Secondary Sources
2.2.2. Primary Sources
CHAPTER 3. Market Dynamics And Competition Analysis
3.1. Market Drivers
3.1.1. Driver 1
3.1.2. Driver 2
3.2. Restraints and Challenges
3.2.1. Restraint 1
3.2.2. Restraint 2
3.3. Growth Opportunities
3.3.1. Opportunity 1
3.3.2. Opportunity 2
3.4. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
3.4.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
3.4.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
3.4.3. Threat of Substitute
3.4.4. Threat of New Entrants
3.4.5. Degree of Competition
3.5. Market Concentration Ratio and Market Maturity Analysis of Preclinical CRO Market
3.5.1. Go To Market Strategy
3.5.1.1. Introduction
3.5.1.2. Growth
3.5.1.3. Maturity
3.5.1.4. Saturation
3.5.1.5. Possible Development
3.6. Technological Roadmap for Preclinical CRO Market
3.7. Value Chain Analysis
3.7.1. List of Key Manufacturers
3.7.2. List of Customers
3.7.3. Level of Integration
3.8. Cost Structure Analysis
3.8.1. Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
3.8.2. Raw Material Suppliers
3.8.3. Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
3.8.3.1. Raw Material
3.8.3.2. Labor Cost
3.8.3.3. Manufacturing Expense
3.9. Regulatory Compliance
3.10. Competitive Landscape, 2022
3.10.1. Player Positioning Analysis
3.10.2. Key Strategies Adopted By Leading Players
CHAPTER 4. Manufacturing Plant Analysis
4.1. Manufacturing Plant Platform Height and Establish Date of Major Manufacturers in 2022
4.2. R&D Status of Major Manufacturers in 2022
CHAPTER 5. Preclinical CRO Market By Service
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Preclinical CRO Revenue By Service
5.2.1. Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast, By Service, 2020-2032
5.2.2. Bioanalysis and DMPK studies
5.2.2.1. Bioanalysis and DMPK studies Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.2.2. In vitro ADME
5.2.2.2.1. In vitro ADME Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.2.3. In-vivo PK
5.2.2.3.1. In-vivo PK Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.3. Toxicology Testing
5.2.3.1. Toxicology Testing Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.3.2. GLP
5.2.3.2.1. GLP Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.3.3. Non-GLP
5.2.3.3.1. Non-GLP Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.4. Compound Management
5.2.4.1. Compound Management Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.4.2. Process R&D
5.2.4.2.1. Process R&D Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.4.3. Custom Synthesis
5.2.4.3.1. Custom Synthesis Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.4.4. Others
5.2.4.4.1. Others Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.5. Chemistry
5.2.5.1. Chemistry Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.5.2. Medicinal Chemistry
5.2.5.2.1. Medicinal Chemistry Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.5.3. Computation Chemistry
5.2.5.3.1. Computation Chemistry Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.6. Safety Pharmacology
5.2.6.1. Safety Pharmacology Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
5.2.7. Others
5.2.7.1. Others Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
CHAPTER 6. Preclinical CRO Market By Model Type
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Preclinical CRO Revenue By Model Type
6.2.1. Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast, By Model Type, 2020-2032
6.2.2. Patient Derived Organoid (PDO) Model
6.2.2.1. Patient Derived Organoid (PDO) Model Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
6.2.3. Patient Derived Xenograft Model
6.2.3.1. Patient Derived Xenograft Model Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
CHAPTER 7. Preclinical CRO Market By End-Use
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Preclinical CRO Revenue By End-Use
7.2.1. Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast, By End-Use, 2020-2032
7.2.2. Biopharmaceutical Companies
7.2.2.1. Biopharmaceutical Companies Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
7.2.3. Government and Academic Institutes
7.2.3.1. Government and Academic Institutes Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
7.2.4. Medical Device Companies
7.2.4.1. Medical Device Companies Market Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (%), 2020-2032
CHAPTER 8. North America Preclinical CRO Market By Country
8.1. North America Preclinical CRO Market Overview
8.2. U.S.
8.2.1. U.S. Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
8.2.2. U.S. Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
8.2.3. U.S. Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
8.3. Canada
8.3.1. Canada Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
8.3.2. Canada Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
8.3.3. Canada Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
8.4. North America PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 9. Europe Preclinical CRO Market By Country
9.1. Europe Preclinical CRO Market Overview
9.2. U.K.
9.2.1. U.K. Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
9.2.2. U.K. Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
9.2.3. U.K. Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
9.3. Germany
9.3.1. Germany Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
9.3.2. Germany Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
9.3.3. Germany Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
9.4. France
9.4.1. France Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
9.4.2. France Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
9.4.3. France Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
9.5. Spain
9.5.1. Spain Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
9.5.2. Spain Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
9.5.3. Spain Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
9.6. Rest of Europe
9.6.1. Rest of Europe Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
9.6.2. Rest of Europe Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
9.6.3. Rest of Europe Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
9.7. Europe PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 10. Asia Pacific Preclinical CRO Market By Country
10.1. Asia Pacific Preclinical CRO Market Overview
10.2. China
10.2.1. China Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
10.2.2. China Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
10.2.3. China Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
10.3. Japan
10.3.1. Japan Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
10.3.2. Japan Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
10.3.3. Japan Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
10.4. India
10.4.1. India Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
10.4.2. India Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
10.4.3. India Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
10.5. Australia
10.5.1. Australia Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
10.5.2. Australia Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
10.5.3. Australia Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
10.6. South Korea
10.6.1. South Korea Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
10.6.2. South Korea Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
10.6.3. South Korea Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
10.7. Rest of Asia-Pacific
10.7.1. Rest of Asia-Pacific Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
10.7.2. Rest of Asia-Pacific Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
10.7.3. Rest of Asia-Pacific Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
10.8. Asia-Pacific PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 11. Latin America Preclinical CRO Market By Country
11.1. Latin America Preclinical CRO Market Overview
11.2. Brazil
11.2.1. Brazil Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
11.2.2. Brazil Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
11.2.3. Brazil Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
11.3. Mexico
11.3.1. Mexico Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
11.3.2. Mexico Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
11.3.3. Mexico Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
11.4. Rest of Latin America
11.4.1. Rest of Latin America Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
11.4.2. Rest of Latin America Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
11.4.3. Rest of Latin America Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
11.5. Latin America PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 12. Middle East & Africa Preclinical CRO Market By Country
12.1. Middle East & Africa Preclinical CRO Market Overview
12.2. GCC
12.2.1. GCC Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
12.2.2. GCC Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
12.2.3. GCC Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
12.3. South Africa
12.3.1. South Africa Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
12.3.2. South Africa Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
12.3.3. South Africa Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
12.4. Rest of Middle East & Africa
12.4.1. Rest of Middle East & Africa Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Service, 2020-2032
12.4.2. Rest of Middle East & Africa Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By Model Type, 2020-2032
12.4.3. Rest of Middle East & Africa Preclinical CRO Revenue (USD Million) and Forecast By End-Use, 2020-2032
12.5. Middle East & Africa PEST Analysis
CHAPTER 13. Player Analysis Of Preclinical CRO Market
13.1. Preclinical CRO Market Company Share Analysis
13.2. Competition Matrix
13.2.1. Competitive Benchmarking of key players by price, presence, market share, and R&D investment
13.2.2. New Product Launches and Product Enhancements
13.2.3. Mergers And Acquisition In Global Preclinical CRO Market
13.2.4. Partnership, Joint Ventures and Strategic Alliances/ Sales Agreements
CHAPTER 14. Company Profile
14.1. Crown Bioscience
14.1.1. Company Snapshot
14.1.2. Business Overview
14.1.3. Financial Overview
14.1.3.1. Revenue (USD Million), 2022
14.1.3.2. Crown Bioscience 2022 Preclinical CRO Business Regional Distribution
14.1.4. Product /Service and Specification
14.1.5. Recent Developments & Business Strategy
14.2. Charles River Laboratories International, Inc.
14.3. Eurofins Scientific SE
14.4. Intertek Group plc (IGP)
14.5. LabCorp
14.6. Medpace Holdings, Inc.
14.7. PPD (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.)
14.8. PRA Health Sciences, Inc. (ICON plc)
14.9. SGA SA
14.10. WuXi AppTec, Inc. (WAI)